Bagaimana Mencari Huruf Tionghoa di Kamus

Talking about Duration

1. Specifying the length of an action with a duration phrase

Duration phrases can be used to indicate HOW LONG an action occurs.

Subject + verb + duration

Open-ended actions that have duration: 买，学，看，吃，睡， 唱，洗， etc.

Example:

他在中国住了一年。He lived in China for a year.

他每天看一个钟头的报。He reads a newspaper for one hour every day.

 

Indicating duration when there is no object noun phrase

When the action verb does have an object noun phrase, the duration phrase simply follows the verb. If the verb is suffixed with 了， the duration phrase follows the verb 了

Example:

我想在美国住两年。I plan to live in USA for two years.

他病了三天。 He was sick for three days.

 

Indicating duration when the verb takes an object

The verb is followed by its object or by a duration phrase. A single verb is never followed directly by both and object and a duration phrase, with one exception.

If the object is a pronoun, the pronoun may occur after the verb and before the duration phrase.

Example:

我等了他三个小时了。

 

Pattern 1

Verb + object verb + duration

Example:

我每天晚上看书看三个小时。(NOT我每天晚上看书三个小时)

我睡觉睡了八个钟头。

我等他等了五个小时。

 

Pattern 2

Verb + object 有 + duration

Example:
我等王老师有三个小时了。 I have been waiting for Wang Laoshi for three hours.

 

Pattern 3

Verb + duration 的 object noun phrase

Example:

我学了两年的中文。I studied Chinese for two years.

我睡了八个钟头的觉。 I slept for eight hours.

 

Pattern 4

Object noun phrase, verb + duration

Example:

这个问题，我已经想了很久了。This problem, I have already thought about it for a long time.

中文， 我已经学了四年了。Chinese, I have already studied it for four years.

中文，我至少会学两年。 Chinese, at the very least I will study it for two years.

 

Duration vs time when

Note the difference between phrases that indicate duration and those that indicate time when.

Time phrases that indicate the duration of a situation always occur after the verb:
我学了两个小时了。 I studied for two hours

Time phrases that indicate the time when a situation takes place always occur before the verb:

我昨天学了中文。 I studied Chinese yesterday

A sentence may include a ‘time when’ and a duration phrase:

我昨天学了两个小时。 Yesterday I studied for two hours.

是

是 ‘to be’ joins two noun phrases and indicates an equational relationship between them.

他是大学生。

王老师是中国人。

他不是大学生。

王老师不是中国人。

 

1. 是 is not used with adjectival verbs or stative verbs.

我的弟弟很高。 NOT 我的弟弟是很高。

他很聪明。 NOT 他是很聪明。

 

2. 是 is only used with adjectival verbs or stative verbs for special emphasis, especially contrastive emphasis.

他是很高！ You really are tall! (despite what you think)

那本书是很贵。 That book is expensive (despite what you claim)

他是很聪明。 He really is intelligent (despite what you may think)

 

3. 是 can be used for contrastive emphasis with action verbs

我是明天走， 不是今天走。I am leaving tomorrow. I’m not leaving today.

 

4. 是 is not used to indicate location or existence

 

5. When the object of 是 includes a number (when it refers to money, age, time, etc)

那本书是 五块钱。

我妹妹是十八岁。

现在是八点钟。

那本书不是 五块钱。

我妹妹不是十八岁。

现在不是八点钟。

 

6. 是 is used to focus on some detail of a situation, for example the time, place or participants in a situation or the material that something is made from.

他是昨天来的。 It was yesterday that he came (he came yesterday)

我是在大学学中文。 It is at university where I study Chinese (I study Chinese at university)

我的耳环是用金子作的。 My earrings are made of gold.

Adjectival Verb

Mandarin adjectival verbs, unlike English, are not preceded by a linking verb such as the verb 是 （be）

Examples:

· 他高 NOT 他是高

· 那本书贵 NOT那本书是贵

· 那个学校大 NOT那个学校是大

 

Negation fo adjectival verb

Adjectival berbs are negated by 不. They are never negated by 没.

· 他不高 NOT他没高

· 那本书不贵 NOT那本书没贵

· 那个学校不大 NOT那个学校没大

 

Yes-no questions with adjectival verbs

Adjectival verbs can occur in yes-no questions formed by 吗 or the verb-not-verb structure.

Examples:

· 那个学校大吗？

· 那个学校大不大？

· 这个人好吗？

· 这个人好不好？

 

Modification by intensifiers

Adjectival verbs can be modified by intensifiers. Most intensifiers precede the adjectival verb.

· 很 very

· 真 really

· 比较 rather

· 相当 quite

· 特别 especially

· 非常 extremely

· 尤其 especially

· 极其 extremely

· 太 too

· 更 more

· 最 most

Some intensifiers follow the adjectival verbs

· 得很 very 好得很

· 极了 terrific 好极了

· 得不得了 terrific 好得不得了

 

Two syllable preference

Adjectival verbs generally occur in two syllable phrases. In affirmative form, when no special emphasis is intended, one syllable adjectival verbs are usually preceded by 很。When negated, 不 provides the second syllable.

Examples:

· 他很高

· 他不高

· 那本书很贵

· 那本书不贵

 

Superlative meaning

Adjectival verbs do not have a distinct superlative forms. To express the superlative meaning, precede the adjectival verb with the intensifier 最

· 他最高 he is the tallest

· 那本书最贵 that book is the most expensive

 

Linking adjectival verb

The adverb 又can be used to link adjectival verbs as follows. The structure is 又…又…, meaning ‘both…and…’

Example:

· 那个男的又高又大 That guy is both big and tall

· 那双鞋子很好，又便宜又舒服。 That pair of shoes is really good, they are both cheap and comfortable.

Prepositions and Prepositional Phrase

The grammar of the prepositional phrase:

1. The prepositional phrase occurs immediately before the verb phrase

Example:

他们给弟弟买了包子。NOT 他们买了包子给弟弟

他跟同学聊天儿。NOT 他聊天儿跟同学。

2. Nothing occurs between the preposition and its noun phrase object

The suffix 了，着，过 follow verbs, but not prepositions:

他在中国住过一年。NOT 他在过中国住一年。

我昨天跟他说话了。NOT 我昨天跟了他说话。

Adverbs occur before the prepositional phrase. They do not occur between the prepositional phrase and the main verb.

请你马上到我家来。NOT 请你到我家马上来。

我一定跟你去看电影。NOT 我跟你一定去看电影。

 

PREPOSITIONS THAT INDICATE LOCATION IN TIME OR SPACE – NO MOVEMENT INVOLVED

在 （at, in, on）

他每天在公园里玩。

他每天晚上在家吃饭。

在is optional in time expressions

我（在）两点钟去找你，行吗？

 

PREPOSITIONS THAT INDICATE AN ACTION PERFORMED TOWARDS A REFERENCE POINT – NO MOVEMENT INVOLVED

对 （to，towards）

他对你说了什么话？

向 （towards）

他一直向外面看。

 

PREPOSITIONS THAT INDICATE JOINT PERFORMANCE OF AN ACTION

跟 （with）

她每天跟她朋友吃午饭。

 

PREPOSITIONS THAT INDICATE MOVEMENT OF THE SUBJECT

从 （from, movement from a location）

他慢慢地从宿舍走出来了。

到 (to, movement to a location)

他想到餐厅去找朋友。

往 (towards a location)

请你往西边走。

进 （into a location）

他进教室去了。

从 and 到

从宿舍到邮局，怎么走？

 

PREPOSITIONS THAT INDICATE TRANSFER OF SOMETHING FROM ONE NOUN PHRASE TO ANOTHER

给 （to, for）

他给我买书了。He bought a book for me.

跟 (from)

他跟我借书了。- He borrowed a book from me.

向 (from)

她向我借书了。He borrowed a book from me.

 

PREPOSITIONS THAT INDICATE THE BENEFICIARY OF AN ACTION PERFORMED BY ANOTHER

给

她给我写信了。She wrote a letter for me (on my behalf)

替

明天请你替我教书。Please teach for me tomorrow

 

PREPOSITIONS THAT ALSO FUNCTION AS VERBS

在

As preposition: at. 他在家吃饭。

As a verb: exist, be located at. 他在家。

给

As preposition：to/for. 他给我买了毛衣。

As a verb: give. 他给了我这件毛衣。

到

As preposition：to. 你什么时候到图书馆去？

As a verb: arrive. 你什么时候到？

对

As preposition：to， towards. 你应该对客人很客气。

As a verb: correct. 你是英国人，对吗？对。

跟

As preposition：with. 她每天跟朋友聊天。

As a verb: follow. 不要跟着我。Do not follow me.

 

You can indentify a word as either a preposition or a verb by observing:

Prepositions are always followed by an object noun phrase and a verb phrase.

If a word is not followed by both an object noun phrase and a verb phrase, it is not a preposition.

Verb: followed by a noun phrase but no verb phrase

他给我这件毛衣了。

他在家。

Preposition: followed by a noun phrase and a verb phrase

他给我买了这件毛衣了。

他在家吃饭。

Making Comparison Part 4

LESS THAN

Indicating ‘less than’ with 没有

NP1 没有 NP2 AV

Example：

我没有他高。

我没有她漂亮。

我没有他那么用功。

他没有你这么努力。

Indicating ‘less than’ with 不如

NP1 不如 NP2

NP1 不如 NP2 AV

Example：

我的成绩不如他。

走路不如骑自行车快。

她的男朋友不如她聪明。

Indicating performance that is less than another’s in some way

NP1 没有 NP2 [action verb 得] AV

Example：

我没有他吃得多。

我没有他吃得那么多。

NP1 没有 NP2 [action verb+object] [action verb 得] AV

NP1 [action verb+object] [action verb 得] 没有 NP2 AV

Example:

我没有他吃饭吃得多。

我吃饭吃得没有他多。

妹妹没有弟弟写字写得那么快。

妹妹写字写得没有弟弟那么快。

Making Comparison Part 3

MORE THAN

Comparing noun phrases in terms of adjectival verbs

NP1 比 NP2 AV

Examples:

印尼比新加坡大。

我的身体比以前好了。

吃饭比做饭容易。

写字比认字难。

Comparing noun phrases in terms of stative verbs

Stative verbs such as 爱，喜欢take noun phrase objects of verb phrase complements.

NP1 比 NP2 SVP

Example:

他比我爱吃中国菜。

我比我妹妹喜欢买书。

Comparing noun phrase in terms of modal verb phrase

NP1 比 NP2 MVP

Example:

我姐姐比我哥哥会唱歌。

Indicating quantity in ‘more than’ comparisons

When comparing noun phrases, it is possible to indicate how much more one noun phrase is than the other.

NP1 比 NP2 AV [number+classifier(+noun)]

Example：

她先生比她大六岁。

这个旅馆比那个旅馆贵九十块钱。

这件衣服比那件衣服贵一倍。

The adjectival verbs: 早，晚，多，少may be followed by an action verb.

NP1 比 NP2 AV action verb [number+classifier(+noun)]

Example:

今天他比我早来了五分钟。

昨天我比老板晚走了一个小时。

我今年比去年多挣了两百块钱。

NP1 is much more AV than NP2

NP1 比 NP2 AV 得多

NP1 比 NP2 AV 多了

NP1 真 比 NP2 AV

Example：

今天比昨天冷得多。

今天比昨天冷多了。

今天真比昨天冷。

中文比英文难得多。

中文比英文难多了。

中文真比英文难。

Intensifier cannot occur before the adjectival verb in the 比comparison pattern

今天比昨天热得多 RIGHT

今天比昨天很热 WRONG

他比我用功得多 RIGHT

他比我非常用功 WRONG

NP1 is a little more AV than NP2

NP1 比 NP2 AV 一点儿

Example：

我们的房子比他们的小一点儿。

哥哥比弟弟用功一点儿。

Comparing the performance of an action

NP1 比 NP2 [verb得] AV

他比我吃得多。

弟弟比妹妹写得快。

NP1 比 NP2 [action verb+object] [action verb得] AV

他比我吃饭吃得多。

弟弟比妹妹写字写得快。

NP1 [action verb+object] [action verb得] 比NP2 AV

他吃饭吃得比我多。

弟弟写字写得比妹妹快。

Making Comparisons Part 2

Difference

Indicating that noun phrases are different

NP1 不 跟/和 NP2 一样

NP1 跟/和 NP2 不一样

Example：

这本书不跟/和那本书一样。

今天的天气跟/和昨天的天气不一样。

Indicating that all noun phrases are not identical

When a noun phrase refers to more than one entity (‘dogs’, ‘cats’, ‘two books’, etc) use this pattern to say the entities are not identical:

NP 不一样

这两本书不一样。

Indicating that noun phrases are different in some property

NP1 不 跟/和 NP2 一样 AV

NP1 跟/和 NP2 不一样 AV

Example：

这个旅馆的房间不跟那个旅馆的房间一样干净。

这个旅馆的房间跟那个旅馆的房间不一样干净。

我儿子不跟/和我女儿一样高。

我儿子跟/和我女儿不一样高。

Indicating that one noun phrase does not resemble another

NP1 不像 NP2

他一点也不像法国人。

EXPRESSING ABILITY

EXPRESSING ABILITY

Expressing a learned ability

The express a learned or acquired ability or skill, something that you know how to do or have learned how to do, use 会

Example：

你会说英文吗？我会说一点儿英文。

你会开车吗？我还不会开车呢。

Expressing an innate ability or talent

To express a skill or lantent or an innate ability, use 会. When expressing this meaning, 会 may be preceded by intensifier 很，真 or 最.

Example:

我妹妹很会跳舞。你请她跳吧。

林老师最会教汉语的。

来，干杯！我真不会喝酒。

Expressing physical ability

To express physical ability or the unobstructed ability to perform an action, use 能.

Examples:

我的身体不舒服。大夫说我不能游泳。

他一天能作十几个小时的事。

When used to express ability, 能 can be modified by intensifiers such as 很，真or 太

Example：

中国人很能吃苦。

我的女儿真能花钱。

EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY

Expressing possibility or the likelihood of the occurrence of an event, as in ‘will, could possibly’ or ‘would probably’ use 会

Example：

明天会不会下雪？天气预报说明天不会下雪。

你想我们要坐的飞机会不会误点？航空公司说我们要坐的飞机不会误点。

Expressing feasibility

可以is sometimes used to express the feasibility of an event

我们今天可以不考试吗？不行。

But the most common function of 可以is to express permission.

Describing circumstances that may influence the occurrence of an event

The specify circumstantial factors that favor or obstruct the occurrence of an event, use 能

今天我的车坏了，所以不能去接你了。

Making Comparisons Part I

Making Comparisons Part I

Comparison structures are used to indicate that things are similar to or different from each other, or to indicate that something is more than or less than another thing in some way.

Some grammatical categories that will be used:

NP: Noun Phrase

AV: Adjectival Verb

AVP: Adjective Verb Phrase

SV: Stative verb

SVP: Stative Verb Phrase

MV: Modal Verb

AV: Action Verb

VP: Verb Phrase

 

SIMILARITY

 

Indicating that noun phrases are identical

To indicate that two noun phrases are similar or equal:

NP1 跟/和 NP2 一样

Examples：

这本书跟/和那本书一样。

今天的天气跟昨天的一样。

 

Indicating that all noun phrases are the same

When a noun phrase refers to multiple entities (for example, houses, cats, two books, etc) use this pattern to say that all the entities are the same.

NP 一样

Examples:

这两本书一样。

这三个菜一样吗？

 

Indicating that noun phrases share a property

To indicate that two noun phrases are alike in a particular property:

NP1 跟/和 NP2 一样 AV

Examples:

我儿子跟我女儿一样高。

小狗和小猫一样可爱。

 

Indicating resemblance

To indicate that one noun phrase resembles another noun phrase:

NP1 像 NP2

他像他爸爸。

他像法国人吗？

Or

NP1 跟/和 NP2 很像

你儿子跟你女儿很像吗？

If the noun phrase refers to multiple entities

NP (很) 像

他们很像。

 

Indicating similarity in some property

To indicate that two noun phrases are similar enough to be considered equivalent

NP1 有 NP2 那么 AV

Examples:

他有他姐姐那么高。

He is as tall as his older sister

他有他姐姐那么聪明吗？

Is he as smart as his older sister?

Or

NP1 有 NP2 这么 AV

他有你这么高。

He is as tall as you

 

Indicating identical performance of an action

To indicate that two noun phrases perform an action in a similar way:

NP1 跟/和 NP2 [verb 得] 一样 AV

Examples:

我跟他吃得一样多。

弟弟跟妹妹写得一样快。

If the object of the action verb is included in the sentece, the action verb is said twice, once followed by the object, and once followed by 得 一样 （AV）

NP1 跟/和 NP2 [action verb+object] [action verb 得] 一样 AV

Examples:

我跟他吃饭吃得一样多。

弟弟跟妹妹写字写得一样快。

Variation 1

NP1 [action verb+object] [action verb 得] 跟/和 NP2 一样 AV

我吃饭吃得跟他一样多。

弟弟写字写得跟妹妹一样快。

Variation 2

NP1 [action verb+object] 跟/和 NP2 [action verb 得] 一样 AV

我吃饭跟他吃得一样多。

弟弟写字跟妹妹写得一样快。

The verb 有 can be used instead of跟/和

NP1 有 NP2 [action verb+object] [action verb 得] 那么/这么 AV

弟弟有爸爸写字写得那么漂亮。

Younger brother writes characters as beautifully as dad.

Or

NP1 [action verb+object] [action verb 得] 有 NP2 那么/这么 AV

弟弟写字写得有爸爸那么漂亮。

 

Notes：

Be careful to repeat the verb if you include the object of the verb

我吃饭吃得跟他一样多 RIGHT

我吃饭得跟他一样多WRONG

弟弟写字写得有爸爸那么漂亮。RIGHT

弟弟写字得有爸爸那么漂亮。WRONG